SOMALIA: CHRISTIAN IN KENYA REFUGEE CAMP ATTACKED, SHOT
Compass Direct News, CA
But for Salat Sekondo Mberwa of Mogadishu, the war-torn capital of Somalia, this was not the highest price he has had to pay for leaving Islam. …
http://compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news&lang=en&length=short&idelement=5724&backpage=summaries
Sunday, January 22, 2012
"Only" 143 dead by Islamofascists - Nigeria
Islamists 'Boko Haram' kills at least 143 in Nigeria, via multiple bombs.
Scores dead in northern Nigeria as Islamist militants terrorise the country
The Guardian
[Jan. 21, 2012]
Scores dead in northern Nigeria as Islamist militants terrorise the countryGroup bidding to impose sharia law claims responsibility for wave of attacks in city of Kano
Monica Mark in Lagoshttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jan/21/scores-dead-nigeria-islamist-militants?newsfeed=true
Radical Islamists attacks kill at least 143 in Nigeria Alaska Dispatch
[Jan. 21, 2012]
http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/radical-islamists-attacks-kill-least-143-nigeria
At least 143 killed in north Nigeria sect attacks
USA TODAY - [Jan 21, 2012]
KANO, Nigeria (AP) – Coordinated attacks claimed by a radical Islamist sect killed at least 143 people in north Nigeria's largest city, a hospital official said Saturday, as gunfire still echoed around some areas of the sprawling city.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-21/nigeria-islamist-attacks/52720744/1
At least 143 dead after multiple bombs rock Nigerian city in attacks aimed at government targets
By Suzannah Hills
Daily Mail
Last updated at 5:15 PM on 21st January 2012
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2089790/Nigeria-143-dead-multiple-bombs-rock-Nigerian-city-attacks-aimed-government-targets.html
Tags: Africa, Boko Haram, Christians, Islam, Islamic Jihad, Jihad, Muslims, Nigeria, religion, religion of peace, Sharia
Labels: Africa, Boko Haram. Sharia, islamofascism, Nigeria
Friday, December 03, 2010
IDI AMIN: A PROFILE OF A RUTHLESS DICTATOR, GENOCIDAL, A BIGOT, RACIST AND ISLAMIC FASCIST
IDI AMIN: A PROFILE OF A RUTHLESS DICTATOR, GENOCIDAL, A BIGOT, RACIST AND ISLAMIC FASCIST
ISLAMIC LEADER: IDI AMIN
MONSTROUS DICTATOR
Idi Amin, Murderous and Erratic Ruler of Uganda in the 70's, Dies in Exile
By MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN
Published: August 17, 2003
Idi Amin, whose eight-year reign of terror in Uganda encompassed widespread killing, torture and dispossession of multitudes and left the country pauperized, died yesterday in Jidda, Saudi Arabia, where he had lived for years in exile. He was believed to have been about 78 years old, though some reports said he was as old as 80.
Mr. Amin had been hospitalized and on life support since mid-July. He died from multiple organ failure, Reuters reported.
For much of the 1970's, the beefy, sadistic and telegenic despot had reveled in the spotlight of world attention as he flaunted his tyrannical power, hurled outlandish insults at world leaders and staged pompous displays of majesty.
By contrast, his later years were spent in enforced isolation as the Saudi Arabian authorities made sure he maintained a low profile. Mr. Amin, a convert to Islam, his four wives and more than 30 children fled Uganda just ahead of an invading force of Ugandan exiles and Tanzanian troops that overthrew his government. They went first to Libya, and eventually to Saudi Arabia.
By the time he had escaped with his life, the devastation he had wreaked lay fully exposed in the scarred ruins of Uganda. The number of people he caused to be killed has been tabulated by exiles and international human rights groups as close to 300,000 out of a total population of 12 million.
Those murdered were mostly anonymous people: farmers, students, clerks and shopkeepers who were shot or forced to bludgeon one another to death by members of death squads, including the chillingly named Public Safety Unit and the State Research Bureau. Along with the military police, these forces numbering 18,000 men were recruited largely from Mr. Amin's home region. They often chose their victims because they wanted their money, houses or women, or because the tribal groups the victims belonged to were marked for humiliation.
But there were also many hundreds of prominent men and women among the dead. Their killings were public affairs carried out in ways that were meant to attract attention, terrorize the living and convey the message that it was Mr. Amin who wanted them killed. They included cabinet ministers, Supreme Court judges, diplomats, university rectors, educators, prominent Catholic and Anglican churchmen, hospital directors, surgeons, bankers, tribal leaders and business executives.
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/world/idi-amin-murderous-and-erratic-ruler-of-uganda-in-the-70-s-dies-in-exile.html
How Idi Amin, the 'Butcher of Uganda' changed my life -- for goodMar 16, 2010 ... Idi Amin with the many medals he had awarded himself .... The Amin soldiers thought the Christians were about to counter-attack and fled the ...
http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2010/s10030090.htm
GENOCIDE
Dictionary of Genocide: A-L - Page 12 - Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs - 2008 - 534 pages - Preview
AMIN, IDI Amin, Idi (c. 1925–2003). Idi Amin Dada ... All in all, the Amin regime was responsible for up to 300000 deaths, though some estimates reach as high as half a million. In June 1976,
http://books.google.com/books?id=7c2LHlpdMfAC&pg=PA12
Confronting Genocide - Page 47 - René Provost, Payam Akhavan - 2010 - 280 pages - Preview
Idi Amin has now become a kind of household name for evil and a precise analysis of what he did is often forgotten. ... to 300000 died.
http://books.google.com/books?id=C0U74u6SyRwC&pg=PA47
Encyclopedia of genocide: Volumes 1-2 - Page 349 - Israel W. Charny - 1999 - 345 pages - Preview
The Roots of Evil:The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. IDI AMIN Idi Amin [Dada] was born, it is believed, in 1935 in Koboko, a poor region of Uganda, to Muslim parents in the Katwa ...
http://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA349
The worst genocides of the 20th CenturyThe worst genocide of recent times was committed by many hutus, not just by their ... Idi Amin (Uganda, 1969-1979), 300000. Yahya Khan (Pakistan, 1970-71) ...
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/dictat.html
Idi Amin's Exile Dream
By RICCARDO ORIZIO
August 21, 2003
Op-Ed article by Riccardo Orizio says Idi Amin he met in exile in 1997 was unchanged from 'Big Daddy' of Uganda who, in 1970's, was proud of being most feared leader in Africa; says he expressed no regrets about 300,000 Ugandans he had killed; says he knew that luxury and quiet death in foreign city could not match real prize given dictator who manages to hang on; says such men know that time heals and world tends to forget; says surprising number of Ugandans were in favor of allowing him back ...
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/21/opinion/idi-amin-s-exile-dream.html?ref=idi_amin
ANTI CHRISTIAN
Encyclopedia of Protestantism: Volume 3 - Page 1169 - Hans Joachim Hillerbrand - 2004 - 2195 pages
Throughout the early modern period Christian missionaries and their converts were laying down their lives for their faith in Asia and ... Uganda in the 1970s dictator Idi Amin put thousands of Christians to death for their faith. ...
http://books.google.com/books?id=cbBx9DTtwSIC&pg=PA1169
The Least Likely: If God Can Use Them, He Can Use You! - Page 143 - Kevin Desmond - (Monarch Books) 2005 - 176 pages - Preview
Especially violent was the brutal dictator Idi Amin, who killed as many as 300000 of his fellow citizens. ... Idi Amin's attempt to stamp out all the Christians in his country forced Bishop Festo and his wife to flee Uganda. ..
http://books.google.com/books?id=a_BavuACGbkC&pg=PA143
ANTI WHITE RACIST CRUSADE
Research in African literatures: Volume 29 Page 133 - University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Research Institute, African Studies Association. African Literature Committee - 1998 - Snippet view
Watkins's Idi Amin in The Killing of Idi Amin, keeps Karl Theodor kneeling on the ground for a long time, ... anarchy onto the world with his undisguised support for the "crusade against whites" (Watkins 30) on the African continent.
http://books.google.com/books?&id=SKUpAQAAIAAJ&dq=crusade
RACIST ANTI ASIAN (INDIAN) 'ETHNIC CLEANSING' CAMPAIGN
I'm Not a Racist, But...: The Moral Quandary of Race - Page 37 - Lawrence Blum, Lawrence A. Blum - 2002 - 259 pages - Preview
Idi Amin, Uganda's ruler in the early 1970's, stirred up ethno-racial hatred among Ugandan blacks against the ethnic Indian population of Uganada (some native-born), and many were driven from the country...
http://books.google.com/books?id=36nxBjpi4R8C&pg=PA37
[ISLAMIC] FASCISM - ADMIRING HITLER
Muslim Attitudes to Jews and Israel: The Ambivalences of Rejection, Antagonism, Tolerance and Cooperation, Moshe Ma'oz, Sussex Academic Press, 2009, Page 253
February 1972, the Muslim president of Uganda, Idi Amin, visited Qadhafi in Tripoli and received promises of military and financial assistance if he cut off relations with the "Zionist entity." In a joint statement, both presidents emphasized their desire to base their regimes on Islam and expressed their support for "the Arab struggle against Zionism and Imperialism." One month later, Idi Amin severed Uganda's diplomatic relations with Israel and called on all Israelis to leave Uganada.
Since then, Amin became a sworn enemy of Israel and the Jews... Amin's anti-Semitism reached a peak when, in September 1972, he sent a telegram to UN secretary-General Kurt Waldheim in which he applauded the massacre of Israeli Olympic athletes in Munich and added that Germany was the most appropriate for this because it was where Hitler burned more than six million Jews...
... Amin's "Hitler telegram" elicited angry reactions in the world at large and many African laeders, including Muslims, denounced it. In September 1972, Amin declared the black Jewish community of Uganda, known as the Abayudaya (Jews), to be illegal and their synagogues were destroyed...
http://books.google.com/books?id=iNERGngsUOAC&pg=PA253
Nyerere and Africa: end of an era - Page 64 - Godfrey Mwakikagile - 2009 - 740 pages - Preview
Idi Amin... earned himself a place in history for his atrocities and buffooneries... An eccentric and bizarre character, he admired Hitler and tried to emulate him. He even wanted to build a monumenty to the Fuhrer...
And through the yeas, he also targeted assorted groups, including real and [p. 65] perceived enemies, across the spectrum, and praised Hitler as a true nationalist for persecuting and exterminating Jews. He even expelled almost all Asians from Uganda in 1972, including Ugandan citizens of Asian - mostly Indian and Pakistani - origin, and gave them only three weeks to leave the country. About 70,000 left Uganda...
President Julius Myerere of Tanzania condemned Idi Amin for expelling the Asians and called him a racist.
http://books.google.com/books?id=D4LcR4iOmcYC&pg=PA64
Tags: Africa, apartheid, Asians, Christians, genocide, History, Idi Amin, Indians, Islamic Apartheid, Islamic Bigotry, Islamic genocide, Islamofascism, Islamonazism, Jews, Jihad, Muslims, oppression, political Islam, Politics, racism, Religion, uganda
Labels: Africa, anti Islamofascism, History, Nazism
Thursday, February 19, 2009
Ghadafi - African "God" With His Message - aggressive dictatorship's spread of radical Islam through racist Arabism
Ghadafi - African "God" With His Message - aggressive dictatorship's spread of radical Islam through racist Arabism
Africa: Ghadafi - African God With His MessageSunny Igboanugo Dan Kanu Austin Oboh And Rafiu Ajakaye
11 February 2009Pharaohs of ancient Egypt were reputed to have employed advisers, whose job was to continuously drum it in their ears: “Remember Pharaoh, you are but human.” This constant refrain, was meant to restrain them from playing God in administering the affairs of their people. In years thereafter, and even today, this critical practice, appears to be missing in the lives of leaders, especially those who want to rule the world, or at least impact on it in their peculiar manner. History is replete with them. Adolph Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, Ferdinand Marcos of Philippines, Jean-Claude Duvalier (Baby Doc) of Haiti, Augusto Pinochet of Chile, Abdul Nasser of Egypt, Saddam Hussein of Iraq, Idi Amin Dada of Uganda.
All these men, though in varying degrees, wielded influences within their countries at the time they were in power, that tapered towards playing God. Of course their styles were different, but the public understanding of their actions, was similar - they were men, who wanted to dominate the world, their world, some by raw display of power, others by sheer control and manipulation of the thought process of their people. Their actions not only resulted in most cases to outlandish and even bizarre outcomes, but profoundly shook the entire world. Some came with religion, while others came through politics or combined both. However the domino effect were same - the world listened.
Though most of them are now history, even though the impacts and most times scars they created, still remain as reference points to confirm man’s desire to control his environment, there is no doubt that the future would still have a lot of them to contend with willy-nilly, despite the influence of civilisation. This is the context many people are now looking at the renewed wave of activities within the African Union (AU), with the ascension of Libyan leader, Col. Muammar Ghadafi, to its leadership. But does the Libyan leader fit into the profile of these men of power and influence? No doubt. Would he succeed in seizing Africa as they seized their environments? Time will tell. But the fact remains, at least on the surface that he is working at it.
I should like to point out that Gadhafi’s invitation to his fellow Arabs is nothing but a declaration of race war on Africa. It is an invitation to more Arabs to invade and colonise Africa. Indeed, it is a call for the final phase of the 15 centuries old Arab lebensraum war on Afrikans - a war to Islamise and conquer all of Africa, from Cairo to the Cape and from Senegal to Somalia, and to then enslave or Arabise all the conquered Afrikans. In order to make that clear, it is necessary to first put his invitation in the context of the traditions of Arab melanophobia and negrophobia, and of Arab expansionist ambitions and conquests that go back to the time of their Arab prophet, Muhammed.” With his present pre-occupation, this fear may have been assuaged.
While rights agitators in Nigeria avoided making comments regarding the aggressive spread of Islam through Arabism, they agree with Dowden that Gadhafi’s rights records are enough ground to deny him headship of the AU. They also argued that his election says a lot about other African leaders.
http://allafrica.com/stories/200902110560.html
Labels: Africa, Arabism, Arabism is racism, arabs, AU, Islamization, Libya, panarabism, Qaddafi
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
SOMALIA: CHRISTIAN IN KENYA REFUGEE CAMP ATTACKED, SHOT
Labels: Africa, Christians, islam, Somalia
Somalia: Islamist Leader in Hiran Region Declares ‘Jihad On Ethiopia’
Somalia: Islamist Leader in Hiran Region Declares ‘Jihad On Ethiopia’
AllAfrica.com, Washington December 10 2008
The top leader of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) militia in central Somalia’s Hiran region has declared ‘jihad’ on Ethiopian troops amassing along border towns, Radio Garowe reported Tuesday.
Sheikh Abdirahman Ibrahim Ma’ow, the ICU chief in Hiran, told reporters via a telephone press conference that Ethiopia does not support the interests of the Somali people.
“I urge the Muslim people of Hiran [region] to join the jihad against Ethiopia, because the enemy of Islam has returned to our (…)
http://europenews.dk/en/node/17152
Labels: Africa, Ethiopia, jihad, Somalia
Thursday, October 30, 2008
[Pan-Arabism = tyranny - racism] Eritrea Slams... IGAD as Tool of Anti-African Policies
[Pan-Arabism = tyranny - racism] Eritrea Slams... IGAD as Tool of Anti-African Policies
Oct 28, 2008
...
IGAD member states include a bunch of derelict or failed states that consist in the epitome of malfunction, ferocity and malignancy. With Eritrea having wisely suspended its participation in this nest of snakes in 2007, IGAD represents the illegal interests of the undemocratic and terrorist governments of Abyssinia, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda. The six (6) countries´ names are the most loathed (by the inhabitants of the respective countries) country names throughout the globe.
In fact, Abyssinia, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda represent today some of the world´s most appalling tyrannies. ...
Sudan is a monumental tragedy of the colonial times; following the English 19th century colonization for which the docile and subservient pseudo-viceroys of Egypt have been used, the diffusion of Pan-Arabism and Islamic extremism in Sudan triggered identity confusion, complete national disorientation, ethnic division, and cultural divide. The end result was a fake state disconnected from its historical identity, indifferent for its past, and oblivious of its own name.
http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/79211
Oct 28, 2008
...
IGAD member states include a bunch of derelict or failed states that consist in the epitome of malfunction, ferocity and malignancy. With Eritrea having wisely suspended its participation in this nest of snakes in 2007, IGAD represents the illegal interests of the undemocratic and terrorist governments of Abyssinia, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda. The six (6) countries´ names are the most loathed (by the inhabitants of the respective countries) country names throughout the globe.
In fact, Abyssinia, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda represent today some of the world´s most appalling tyrannies. ...
Sudan is a monumental tragedy of the colonial times; following the English 19th century colonization for which the docile and subservient pseudo-viceroys of Egypt have been used, the diffusion of Pan-Arabism and Islamic extremism in Sudan triggered identity confusion, complete national disorientation, ethnic division, and cultural divide. The end result was a fake state disconnected from its historical identity, indifferent for its past, and oblivious of its own name.
http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/79211
Labels: Africa, Arabism, pan Arabism, Sudan
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
Arab Racism - Rooted in Islamic Heritage
Arab Racism - Rooted in Islamic Heritage
A paler shade of black
Arabs like to imagine that their countries are comparatively free from racism. But it exists, nonetheless
The word 'abd - Arabic for "slave" - was often used in our household when I was a child. In fact, it was so common that I had no awareness of its negative connotations until well into my teenage years. My father's family, a proud northern Sudanese clan, used it to refer to anyone who had darker skin than themselves - from southern Sudanese house servants to migrants from Darfur- clear intent to demean.. addressing a particularly dark-skinned or thick-lipped child.
was a kind of racism that no one challenged, addressed,..through a child's eyes.. on a scale of colour, lighter was good, darker was bad. The word 'abd, although strictly meaning "slave" or "servant", became synonymous with negritude. my Islamic heritage reinforced this with quotes from Muhammad such as "You should listen to and obey your ruler even if he was an Ethiopian [ie black] slave whose head looks like a raisin" (Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 89, Number 256).
When we moved to E. Africa.. 'abd was seamlessly transferred to the locals whom we interacted only in their capacity as domestic staff , grounds-keepers at international schools. While I myself was "black" of North African descent, my family believed its Arab roots were somehow genetically dominant, giving us smaller features and a marginally lighter skin tone - deeming ourselves to be an entirely a different race from "pure" Africans.
Our next move was to Saudi Arabia, where the Arab ethnicity with which I identified so strongly was suddenly cast into doubt: now it was my turn to be the "slave". My belief that I was an Arab, racially superior to non-Arab Africans, became laughable in the heartland of Arabia - a place where "Arabness" was not only determined by skin colour but by whether you could uninterruptedly trace your lineage back to the founding father of your clan. In fact, ancestry is so important in Saudi Arabia that courts have the power to annul a marriage if gaps are later discovered in a person's lineage oppening up the possiblity.. blood line pollution.
Read more at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/mar/05/apalershadeofblack
Technorati - Arab racism, Arab supremacy, Arabization ,Arabs slavery ,Freedom ,911, Sudan, Mauritania, Chad ,Darfur ,Sudan genocide Genocide, Africa, 'palestinian' terrorism ,Suicide bombing Saddam Hussein ,Torture chambers ,Muslim clerics ,Mullahs ,Islamic Hitler, jihad ,Sudan genocide, Islamic slavery ,Arab slaver masters Genocide bombing, Anti Israel bias ,Arab racism Anti Israel racism, Islamofacsism, Conflict Israel Islamic Jihad Hamas, "palestinian" Animalism "palestinian" cruelty, "palestinian" Savagery, "Palestine" "Palestinians", Israelis, Jewish refugees ,Victims of terror, Moderates Islam Radical Islam, Militants, Arab occupation ,Arab Muslims, Indoctrination ,Arab hatred ,Muslim hatred ,Nubians, Kurds ,Berbers Marsh Arabs, Maronites, Assyrians Arabism Racism, Anti Israel Racism, Ahwazi, Azeris Balochis, "palestinian" Racism, Rape Jihad, Israeli Arabs, Race Clashes, Akhdam, "Abid", "Zurka", "Arabic", Horsemen, Non Arabs, Abd,Muhammad
Labels: Africa, Arab racism, Arab Supremacy, Islamic bigotry, Muhammad, Saudi Arabia
Thursday, July 10, 2008
[Arab racism in] Egypt crackdown on African migrants hits Eritreans
[Arab racism in] Egypt crackdown on African migrants hits Eritreans
reuters ^ July, 2008
Egypt crackdown on African migrants hits Eritreans Thu 26 Jun 2008, 11:14 GMT
By Cynthia Johnston
CAIRO, June 26 (Reuters) - When 17 Eritrean migrants crept down from a hillside to a central Egypt highway, after slipping undetected into the most populous Arab country, security forces quickly swept in to pick them up.
The Eritreans, including a baby whose mother died on her journey to Egypt, were snared in a growing Egyptian crackdown on African migrants that has seen up to 1,000 Eritrean asylum seekers deported since June 11 despite U.N. objections. … he Eritreans include Pentecostal Christians fleeing religious persecution who activists say may be drawn to Israel for religious reasons, and others trying to avoid military service. Many are not keen to stay in Egypt, where they face racism and economic marginalisation, rights activists say.
Labels: Africa, Arab racism, arabs, Egypt, Eritrea, Immigration, islam, islamofascism, muslims, racism
Sunday, February 10, 2008
Text of Libyan Leader's speech via Media at African Summit - Arab racism
Text of Libyan Leader's speech via Media at African Summit - Arab racism
http://mathaba.net/news/?x=580429
Why is there a racist position from the Arabs? Our African brothers have their justification.First they consider Arabs immigrants from the Arab peninsula who came and occupied North Africa as they came and occupied Andulsia, the Mediterranean, southern Italy and elsewhere. The second thing, the Arabs not only accused but condemned by contributing to the slave trade in Africa and I announced this and recognised and condemned it strongly. I consider it a shame in the history of the Arabs especially the Arabs in Africa. In the Arab peninsula they treat the blacks as they treat slaves although slavery has no connection with the colour. The slave may be white, black or yellow and the Arabs contributed to hunting the Africans in the jungle as the Americans and the Europeans did. In fact the Arabs practised far worse racism than the racism of the West.
The West shipped blacks and used them like animals, muels, donkeys, camels and horses. As a physical muscle to cover swamps and pave the roads and build a new America and Europe. The Arabs however practised another racism: individualistic racism. They did not use them in such projects but they sold Africans and they processed them individually. The effects of this are still in Libya today and I am fighting such effects. We find that even in Libya social effects and I am against it and it should be abrogated. When there is a social event they bring a black family to cook the food. Why not a white family? If a white family wants to get a reward or money or knows how to cook why not a white family? Why should they only look for a black family to cook the food? Cooking could be done by a white or a black person. But this is the remains of existing Arab racism and we recognise it. When they bring folkloric groups they must be Libyan blacks. Why are the whites not the ones who beat the drums at such festivities. This is shameful and should be changed and it is the remains of racism that they practise. This is the racist culture of the Arabs. The Africans are aware of this and they know that the Arabs despise this race. They sold it and contributed to slavery. This is one of the things that made them that the Arabs should not assume a post. The position in the end is a racist position. The Arabs were initially racists and now the other Africans who are not Arabs are racist against the Arabs existing now.
The other issue that the Arabs in one period had a misunderstanding or shortsightedness during the phase of the liberation of Africa when they stood by the feudals and the sultans who were of Arab origin and sided with the Islamic communities. I mean the Islamic minorities in Africa. And no onw warned them against this mistake save Ahmed Ben Bella when he went to Jamal Abdel Nasser and told him Mr President there is a wrong strategic position exercised by yourself or by Egypt or by the Arabs. What is is? He told him you are making a broadcast inciting Muslims in Zanzibar and Tanjanika and Abyssinia and that region. But the Arabs there are feudals. They are sultans and kings and they are the remains of the old society and these countries want to get liberated. Then if you are attacking Nyere because the feudals in Zanzibar are against Nyere he is a liberation hero, an African hero. All African liberation movements are in Dar Es Salam.
Abdul Naser understood this and said correct and therefore there was a historic and strategic meeting between Jamal Abdul Naser and Nyere to liberate Africa and combat colonialism and racism. Revolutions that took place in Africa especially the socialist progressive revolutions, confronted the sultans, the remains of the Arab sultans, the sheikhs and the feduals who used to occupy vast areas of land enslave people and exercise slavery on blacks to the extent that during that period they asked leaders of the founding fathers of African Unity to deprive the Arabs from being members of the organisation. The Organisation of the African Union should be confined to sub-saharan Africa. Why? They said because the Arabs are racists.
This belief still exists today to a degree that when we say for instance Ali Tereki who is Libyan Arab to be president of the African Union Commission it arouses surprise. Some African leaders are surprised. They say, how, how? It means something new that breaks the custom that we made. The custom that there is a position against the Arabs.
If this takes place, let us suppose that they don't accept Ali Tereki in Addis Ababa now it means, no doubt a racist position. There is no justification save a racist position. Why Al Tereki is the one to fill the vacuum after Konari? I mean Konari was head of state and he became chairman of the commission. After we removed Konari and replace him with another unknown official, no matter how he was, Konari would leave behind a big vacuum in the African Union Commission and this vacuum must be filled.
Tereki is a veteran, a skilled person, experienced, known by all the Africans. He specialises in Africa and is the best person to assume this post. But they say to you he is from North Africa from the Arabic speaking. We are not accustomed for one from this group to head the OAU or the African Union Commission.
This is the secret behind the surprise now. They were shocked when we presented this name. All of them were shocked. They said we are not accustomed to this. They said a black person is supposed to be the chairman of the commission. Obviously there was a racist culture existing from the Arabs against the Africans and from black Africans against Arabs from the days of Houphuet-Boigny and the days of Singaore.
On the other hand the Arabs were biased to their culture against the African culture. Ben Bella managed to take such a stand and directed this orientation in the right direction and Abdul Nasser was convinced by the explanations of Ben Bella and he reorganised his policies in Africa and played a very important role in Africa and in their unity. He helped the peoples and the liberation movement and played a very important role in Africa, their unity and helping the liberation movements. Egypt played a prominent role in the liberation of Africa.
http://mathaba.net/news/?x=580429
Technorati - Arab racism Arab supremacy Arabization Arabs slavery Freedom 911 Sudan Mauritania Chad Darfur Sudan genocide Al Qaeda Al Qaida Bin Laden Anti west Anti American Terrorist oganization 'palestinian' terrorism Suicide bombing Saddam Hussein Torture chambers WTC bombing Homicide bombing London bombing Bali bombing Muslim clerics Mullahs Islamic Hitler jihad Sudan genocide Islamic slavery Arab slaver masters Genocide bombing Anti Israel bias Arab racism Anti Israel racism Islamofacsism Conflict Israel Islamic Jihad Hamas "palestinian" Animalism "palestinian" cruelty "palestinian" Savagery "Palestine" "Palestinians" Israelis Jewish refugees Victims of terror Moderates Islam Radical Islam Militants Arab occupation Arab Muslims Indoctrination Arab hatred Muslim hatred Nubians Kurds Berbers Marsh Arabs Maronites Assyrians Arabism Racism Anti Israel Racism Ahwazi Azeris Balochis "palestinian" Racism Israeli Arabs Race Clashes Akhdam "Abid" "Zurka" "Arabic" Horsemen Arabism Qaddafi Egypt Non Arabs Libya Angry Arab street Propaganda
Labels: Africa, Arab racism, Arab Supremacy, Arabism, Arabization
Tuesday, December 11, 2007
JIHADI MUSLIMS ON MUSLIMS MASSACRES IN ALGERIA, AGAIN
JIHADI MUSLIMS ON MUSLIMS MASSACRES IN ALGERIA,AGAIN
Technorati - Freedom 911 Al Qaida Al Qaeda Al Qaida Bin Laden Islamofascism Islam Terrorism Terrorist oganization Hamas 'palestinians' Al Aqsa Alaqsa Muslims bombing Israel US Security Arabs Iraq Eurabia UK Immigration Intifada Tunisia UK Portugal Algeria Iraq Africa Iran Jihad West
Car Bombs in Algeria Kill at Least 22
http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5h3B00NNqF4cgjKO8-SbMGRYmMRxwD8TFDRRO0
The Associated Press
Algeria has been battling Islamic insurgents since the early 1990s, when the army canceled the second round of the country's first multiparty elections, ...
Glance of recent attacks in Algeria
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/11/africa/AF-GEN-Algeria-Attacks.php
Algeria bombing stirs new fears of Al Qaeda-aligned terrorist group
http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1211/p99s01-duts.html
Algeria Bombs Kill 62; Government Blames Al-Qaeda Linked Group
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=axRmDvsSzxqw&refer=home
Twin Car Bombs Kill More Than 60 in Algeria Voice of America
blasts
International
Herald Tribune -
AP CAIRO, Egypt: The North African branch of al-Qaida said in an
Internet posting it was behind the bombings in the Algerian capital on Tuesday,
claiming also that 110 people were killed in the attacks carried out by two
suicide bombers.
blasts
International
Herald Tribune -
AP CAIRO, Egypt: The North African branch of al-Qaida said in an
Internet posting it was behind the bombings in the Algerian capital on Tuesday,
claiming also that 110 people were killed in the attacks carried out by two
suicide bombers.
Technorati - Freedom 911 Al Qaida Al Qaeda Al Qaida Bin Laden Islamofascism Islam Terrorism Terrorist oganization Hamas 'palestinians' Al Aqsa Alaqsa Muslims bombing Israel US Security Arabs Iraq Eurabia UK Immigration Intifada Tunisia UK Portugal Algeria Iraq Africa Iran Jihad West
Labels: Africa, Algeria, arabs, Islamic Jihad, Islamic terrorism, muslims, muslims on Muslims violence, radical Islam, terrorism
Tuesday, December 04, 2007
Latest (news, editorials) on the Genocide by RACIST ARAB MUSLIM SUDAN
Latest (news, editorials) on the Genocide by RACIST ARAB MUSLIM SUDAN
An Egyptian Makes the Case for America
Yahoo! News - Nov 23, 2007
The discourse coming out of the Arab and Islamic region is a disgrace," Khalil argued. "In Darfur and south Sudan, severe human rights violations occur — ethnic cleansing, the murder of millions and rape. Yet no one but the West exposes what is happening in south Sudan and Darfur. … It is the West that attacked Serbia. It is the West that established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. It is the West that protects the independence of Kosovo."
http://news.yahoo.com/s/uc/20071123/cm_uc_crmchx/op_54455
Documentary tackles reasons behind genocide in Sudan
Columbus Dispatch, OH - Nov 22, 2007
What Steidel and others discovered was a massive effort by militias backed by the Arab-dominated government to clear non-Arab Africans from Darfur
http://www.columbusdispatch.com/live/content/weekender/stories/2007/11/22/9A_MOVIES22_--_WKDR.ART_ART_11-22-07_T4_QD8GHCO.html?sid=101
Hamas, Teddy Bears in Sudan and the Muslim Brotherhood Douglas Farah
30 Nov 2007
There are two places where the Muslim Brotherhood exercises governmental power-Sudan and the Palestinian territories. That is, where it controls the levers of the state. It seems to me it is worth looking at these states to see how the Brotherhood would govern if given the chance, and to see the real agenda of the organization that claims to represent moderate, modernizing and tolerant interpretations of Islam.
For an excellent summary of why the Muslim Brotherhood is such an important topic, see this new paper by [http://www.futureofmuslimworld.com/research/pubID.72/pub_detail.asp#%22] Hillel Fradkin of the Hudson Institute.
http://www.analyst-network.com/article.php?art_id=1314
Sudan Christians Concerned As Thousands Demand Teacher’s Execution
BosNewsLife, Hungary - Nov 30, 2007
"In Sudan, a country known for its genocide against Christians, an innocent act by Muslim school children must be result in the punishment of a Christian. ...
http://www.bosnewslife.com/africa/sudan/3304-sudan-christians-concerned-as-thousands-deman
Graphic film displays Darfur genocide
OSU - The Lantern, OH - Nov 30, 2007
The Arab militias sponsored by Sudan's Arab government, known as Janjaweed, launched a series of vast, violent raids on the African Muslims living in Darfur ...
http://www.thelantern.com/news/2007/11/30/Arts/Graphic.Film.Displays.Darfur.Genocide-3125614.shtml
Washington - Nov 18, 2007
African Union's position not to characterize the Darfur Crisis as a genocide was mainly pushed by this lobby of the Arab League
http://allafrica.com/stories/200711180218.html
EU rights champion urges Europe to act on Darfur
Tue 4 Dec 2007, 17:44 GMT
[-] Text [+] By David Brunnstrom
BRUSSELS, Dec 4 (Reuters) - The winner of the European Union's top human rights prize demanded on Tuesday that the bloc take a more active role in resolving the Darfur crisis, saying it could not simply stand by during "genocide".
Speaking before an EU-Africa summit this weekend, Sudanese lawyer Salih Mahmoud Osman called on the EU to commit troops for a Darfur peace force and help bring rights abusers to justice.
"Europe has always been talking tough about the policies of the government of Sudan, but we don't see acts," he told a news briefing in Brussels. "Europe is confused, it is divided on the issue of Darfur. The EU hasn't any unified political will."
International experts estimate 200,000 people have been killed and 2.5 million uprooted in Darfur since mostly non-Arabs took up arms in early 2003 accusing Khartoum of neglect. Khartoum says 9,000 have died.
http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL04191038.html
,b>FARROW ATTACKS SUDAN'S 'CRUEL' LEADERS 2007-12-04...
Actress MIA FARROW has blasted Sudanese leaders for jailing a British schoolteacher accused of blasphemy, calling their treatment of her a typical act of "palpable insanity and cruelty".
The UNICEF goodwill ambassador hopes the imprisonment of Gillian Gibbons who was incarcerated for allowing her pupils to name a teddy bear Muhammad will highlight the tyrannical control the downtrodden people of Darfur are forced to live under and, in turn, prompt Westerners to help them.
However, Farrow - who was in London on Sunday (02Dec07) to launch new campaign Fund4Darfur - is outraged that Gibbons' plight grabbed the headlines when the bigger issues facing the war-ravaged folk of Darfur are still being ignored by the media.
She said, "One white woman in peril with a teddy bear has captured more media attention than the past three years of our brothers and sisters in the Darfur region.
"This is the first genocide of the 21st century and the one genocide that is ongoing as we speak. We have ,b>a regime that launched a military campaign on an unarmed population for no other reason than that they are not Arab." Fund4Darfur will aid the survivors of the fighting between Sudan's government and Darfur's rebels, who have been at war for four years, resulting in 200,000 casualties and 2.5 million being forced from their homes.
http://www.pr-inside.com/farrow-attacks-sudan-s-cruel-leaders-r331622.htm
TV Review: HBO - Sand And Sorrow
December 3rd, 2007 by Simon Barrett
Genocide, it’s just a word, it’s a word that you read in history books. But what does it really mean? Well, if you want to get rid of weeds in your lawn you use a herbicide, if ants are invading your house you likely will use a pesticide. You have probably noticed the use of the word ending ‘cide’. There are lots of words that end with ‘cide’ and I can not think of a single one that is good! A little bit of research reveals that ‘cide’ comes from Latin, and in it’s basic form, it means ‘to kill’. Genocide is the systematic removal of a people, and genocide is what is happening in the Sudan right now.
HBO are definitely making a name for themselves in the documentary world, they are willing to take on projects that the other networks turn a blind eye to. Sand And Sorrow takes a very long hard look at the African country of Sudan, more specifically the Darfur region and the genocide that has been taking place.
Without doubt this is one of the worlds poorest regions, with few natural resources, and no strategic geographic location, no-one seems to want to help the people. I may be cynical, but I am sure that if Darfur had oil, the world powers would be breaking their necks to help.
Sand And Sorrow explores what is happening in Darfur, and the findings are not good. This is not about religion, everyone is Muslim, this is about Arab versus Non Arab. The Arab led government in Khartoum is systematically killing the non-arab population of Darfur, moving village by village the militia are killing and raping their way through the region. It is estimated by some that the number of dead exceeds 400,000.
This is must see TV, produced and narrated by George Clooney, this is both a disturbing and frighting look at a situation that we, as decent people should not allow. Sand And Sorrow pulls no punches and the footage that is used is horrific. It not only shows the current status of the Sudan but explores the history and the West’s apparent apathy toward the problem. The US comes out of this in a very poor light, because Khartoum is on board with the ‘War on Terror’ the US is loath to intervene, the other world body that could help is the UN, but they are portrayed as a toothless Bulldog, growling and snarling, but unable to act for fear of veto by China or Russia.
This is indeed a very sad situation.
I am involved on the fringes of the education system here in Canada, and one of the groups I work with is the Immigrant Youth Organization, these are primarily young people who are refugees, many of who are from the Sudan. I had noticed how reticent they were to discuss their previous lives, through Sand And Sorrow I now understand why. They have lived through a nightmare that is unbelievably shocking.
Sand And Sorrow premiers December the 6th at 8pm on HBO. There is an accompanying web site which contains some interesting background, and a short trailer. If you cannot receive HBO or cannot make the airing you will be able to watch it in its entirety online between December 7th and 9th. After Rwanda I was convinced that the world had learned a lesson, but The Sudan is living proof that we have not.
http://www.bloggernews.net/112116
Darfur is atop Don Cheadle's agenda
Dec 2, 2007
...Cheadle knows the Navy origins of that phrase, "not on my watch," the idea being that "if something bad happens while I'm on duty, I'm responsible." He wants to be responsible, and he's willing to do the lobbying and legwork to put pressure on the Arab government of Sudan to stop burning African, non-Muslim Sudanese out of their homes and villages.
http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/movies/orl-darfurnow07dec02,0,7922242.story?coll=orl_entertainment_movies_mezz
Technorati - Arab racism Arab supremacy Arabization Arabs slavery Freedom 911 Sudan Mauritania Chad Darfur Sudan genocide Al Qaeda Al Qaida Bin Laden Anti west Anti American Terrorist oganization 'palestinian' terrorism Suicide bombing Saddam Hussein Torture chambers WTC bombing Homicide bombing London bombing Bali bombing Muslim clerics Mullahs Islamic Hitler jihad Sudan genocide Islamic slavery Arab slaver masters Genocide bombing Anti Israel bias Arab racism Anti Israel racism Islamofacsism Conflict Israel Islamic Jihad Hamas "palestinian" Animalism "palestinian" cruelty "palestinian" Savagery "Palestine" "Palestinians" Israelis Jewish refugees Victims of terror Moderates Islam Radical Islam Militants Arab occupation Arab Muslims Indoctrination Arab hatred Muslim hatred Nubians Kurds Berbers Marsh Arabs Maronites Assyrians Arabism Racism Anti Israel Racism Ahwazi Azeris Balochis "palestinian" Racism Rape Jihad Israeli Arabs Race Clashes Akhdam "Abid" "Zurka" "Arabic" Horsemen Non Arabs
An Egyptian Makes the Case for America
Yahoo! News - Nov 23, 2007
The discourse coming out of the Arab and Islamic region is a disgrace," Khalil argued. "In Darfur and south Sudan, severe human rights violations occur — ethnic cleansing, the murder of millions and rape. Yet no one but the West exposes what is happening in south Sudan and Darfur. … It is the West that attacked Serbia. It is the West that established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. It is the West that protects the independence of Kosovo."
http://news.yahoo.com/s/uc/20071123/cm_uc_crmchx/op_54455
Documentary tackles reasons behind genocide in Sudan
Columbus Dispatch, OH - Nov 22, 2007
What Steidel and others discovered was a massive effort by militias backed by the Arab-dominated government to clear non-Arab Africans from Darfur
http://www.columbusdispatch.com/live/content/weekender/stories/2007/11/22/9A_MOVIES22_--_WKDR.ART_ART_11-22-07_T4_QD8GHCO.html?sid=101
Hamas, Teddy Bears in Sudan and the Muslim Brotherhood Douglas Farah
30 Nov 2007
There are two places where the Muslim Brotherhood exercises governmental power-Sudan and the Palestinian territories. That is, where it controls the levers of the state. It seems to me it is worth looking at these states to see how the Brotherhood would govern if given the chance, and to see the real agenda of the organization that claims to represent moderate, modernizing and tolerant interpretations of Islam.
For an excellent summary of why the Muslim Brotherhood is such an important topic, see this new paper by [http://www.futureofmuslimworld.com/research/pubID.72/pub_detail.asp#%22] Hillel Fradkin of the Hudson Institute.
http://www.analyst-network.com/article.php?art_id=1314
Sudan Christians Concerned As Thousands Demand Teacher’s Execution
BosNewsLife, Hungary - Nov 30, 2007
"In Sudan, a country known for its genocide against Christians, an innocent act by Muslim school children must be result in the punishment of a Christian. ...
http://www.bosnewslife.com/africa/sudan/3304-sudan-christians-concerned-as-thousands-deman
Graphic film displays Darfur genocide
OSU - The Lantern, OH - Nov 30, 2007
The Arab militias sponsored by Sudan's Arab government, known as Janjaweed, launched a series of vast, violent raids on the African Muslims living in Darfur ...
http://www.thelantern.com/news/2007/11/30/Arts/Graphic.Film.Displays.Darfur.Genocide-3125614.shtml
Washington - Nov 18, 2007
African Union's position not to characterize the Darfur Crisis as a genocide was mainly pushed by this lobby of the Arab League
http://allafrica.com/stories/200711180218.html
EU rights champion urges Europe to act on Darfur
Tue 4 Dec 2007, 17:44 GMT
[-] Text [+] By David Brunnstrom
BRUSSELS, Dec 4 (Reuters) - The winner of the European Union's top human rights prize demanded on Tuesday that the bloc take a more active role in resolving the Darfur crisis, saying it could not simply stand by during "genocide".
Speaking before an EU-Africa summit this weekend, Sudanese lawyer Salih Mahmoud Osman called on the EU to commit troops for a Darfur peace force and help bring rights abusers to justice.
"Europe has always been talking tough about the policies of the government of Sudan, but we don't see acts," he told a news briefing in Brussels. "Europe is confused, it is divided on the issue of Darfur. The EU hasn't any unified political will."
International experts estimate 200,000 people have been killed and 2.5 million uprooted in Darfur since mostly non-Arabs took up arms in early 2003 accusing Khartoum of neglect. Khartoum says 9,000 have died.
http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL04191038.html
,b>FARROW ATTACKS SUDAN'S 'CRUEL' LEADERS 2007-12-04...
Actress MIA FARROW has blasted Sudanese leaders for jailing a British schoolteacher accused of blasphemy, calling their treatment of her a typical act of "palpable insanity and cruelty".
The UNICEF goodwill ambassador hopes the imprisonment of Gillian Gibbons who was incarcerated for allowing her pupils to name a teddy bear Muhammad will highlight the tyrannical control the downtrodden people of Darfur are forced to live under and, in turn, prompt Westerners to help them.
However, Farrow - who was in London on Sunday (02Dec07) to launch new campaign Fund4Darfur - is outraged that Gibbons' plight grabbed the headlines when the bigger issues facing the war-ravaged folk of Darfur are still being ignored by the media.
She said, "One white woman in peril with a teddy bear has captured more media attention than the past three years of our brothers and sisters in the Darfur region.
"This is the first genocide of the 21st century and the one genocide that is ongoing as we speak. We have ,b>a regime that launched a military campaign on an unarmed population for no other reason than that they are not Arab." Fund4Darfur will aid the survivors of the fighting between Sudan's government and Darfur's rebels, who have been at war for four years, resulting in 200,000 casualties and 2.5 million being forced from their homes.
http://www.pr-inside.com/farrow-attacks-sudan-s-cruel-leaders-r331622.htm
TV Review: HBO - Sand And Sorrow
December 3rd, 2007 by Simon Barrett
Genocide, it’s just a word, it’s a word that you read in history books. But what does it really mean? Well, if you want to get rid of weeds in your lawn you use a herbicide, if ants are invading your house you likely will use a pesticide. You have probably noticed the use of the word ending ‘cide’. There are lots of words that end with ‘cide’ and I can not think of a single one that is good! A little bit of research reveals that ‘cide’ comes from Latin, and in it’s basic form, it means ‘to kill’. Genocide is the systematic removal of a people, and genocide is what is happening in the Sudan right now.
HBO are definitely making a name for themselves in the documentary world, they are willing to take on projects that the other networks turn a blind eye to. Sand And Sorrow takes a very long hard look at the African country of Sudan, more specifically the Darfur region and the genocide that has been taking place.
Without doubt this is one of the worlds poorest regions, with few natural resources, and no strategic geographic location, no-one seems to want to help the people. I may be cynical, but I am sure that if Darfur had oil, the world powers would be breaking their necks to help.
Sand And Sorrow explores what is happening in Darfur, and the findings are not good. This is not about religion, everyone is Muslim, this is about Arab versus Non Arab. The Arab led government in Khartoum is systematically killing the non-arab population of Darfur, moving village by village the militia are killing and raping their way through the region. It is estimated by some that the number of dead exceeds 400,000.
This is must see TV, produced and narrated by George Clooney, this is both a disturbing and frighting look at a situation that we, as decent people should not allow. Sand And Sorrow pulls no punches and the footage that is used is horrific. It not only shows the current status of the Sudan but explores the history and the West’s apparent apathy toward the problem. The US comes out of this in a very poor light, because Khartoum is on board with the ‘War on Terror’ the US is loath to intervene, the other world body that could help is the UN, but they are portrayed as a toothless Bulldog, growling and snarling, but unable to act for fear of veto by China or Russia.
This is indeed a very sad situation.
I am involved on the fringes of the education system here in Canada, and one of the groups I work with is the Immigrant Youth Organization, these are primarily young people who are refugees, many of who are from the Sudan. I had noticed how reticent they were to discuss their previous lives, through Sand And Sorrow I now understand why. They have lived through a nightmare that is unbelievably shocking.
Sand And Sorrow premiers December the 6th at 8pm on HBO. There is an accompanying web site which contains some interesting background, and a short trailer. If you cannot receive HBO or cannot make the airing you will be able to watch it in its entirety online between December 7th and 9th. After Rwanda I was convinced that the world had learned a lesson, but The Sudan is living proof that we have not.
http://www.bloggernews.net/112116
Darfur is atop Don Cheadle's agenda
Dec 2, 2007
...Cheadle knows the Navy origins of that phrase, "not on my watch," the idea being that "if something bad happens while I'm on duty, I'm responsible." He wants to be responsible, and he's willing to do the lobbying and legwork to put pressure on the Arab government of Sudan to stop burning African, non-Muslim Sudanese out of their homes and villages.
http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/movies/orl-darfurnow07dec02,0,7922242.story?coll=orl_entertainment_movies_mezz
Technorati - Arab racism Arab supremacy Arabization Arabs slavery Freedom 911 Sudan Mauritania Chad Darfur Sudan genocide Al Qaeda Al Qaida Bin Laden Anti west Anti American Terrorist oganization 'palestinian' terrorism Suicide bombing Saddam Hussein Torture chambers WTC bombing Homicide bombing London bombing Bali bombing Muslim clerics Mullahs Islamic Hitler jihad Sudan genocide Islamic slavery Arab slaver masters Genocide bombing Anti Israel bias Arab racism Anti Israel racism Islamofacsism Conflict Israel Islamic Jihad Hamas "palestinian" Animalism "palestinian" cruelty "palestinian" Savagery "Palestine" "Palestinians" Israelis Jewish refugees Victims of terror Moderates Islam Radical Islam Militants Arab occupation Arab Muslims Indoctrination Arab hatred Muslim hatred Nubians Kurds Berbers Marsh Arabs Maronites Assyrians Arabism Racism Anti Israel Racism Ahwazi Azeris Balochis "palestinian" Racism Rape Jihad Israeli Arabs Race Clashes Akhdam "Abid" "Zurka" "Arabic" Horsemen Non Arabs
Labels: Africa, Apartheid, Arab leauge, Arab lobby, arab oil, Arab racism, arabs, Darfur, Genocide, Islamic Apartheid, islamic slavery, racism, Sudan
